Thursday, 16 July 2026

Asclepias curassavica L.

Asclepias curassavica L.

ass-KLE-pee-us -- named for Asklepios, the god of healing in Greek mythology ... Dave's Botanary
ku-ra-SAV-ik-uh -- of or from Curaçao, a Dutch Caribbean island ... Dave's Botanary
commonly known as: bloodflower, Curassavian swallow-wort, false ipecac, Indian root, scarlet milkweed, silkweed, West Indian ipecacuanha • Assamese: আকন লতা akon lota, ভাদৈ তিতা ফুল bhadoi tita phul • Bengali: কাকতুণ্ডী kaktundi, কৃষ্ণকলি krishna-kali • Bodo: खिम-नाना khim-nana • Dogri: रत्तफुल rattphul • Garhwali: काकतुण्डी kaktundi, लाइमा laima • Gujarati: કાકતુંડી kakatundi • Hajong: আকান্দা লেৱা akanda lewa • Haryanvi: काकाटुन्डी kakatundi • Hindi: काकाटुन्डी kakatundi, कौरा डोडी kaura dodi • Kachchhi: કાકતુંડી kakatundi • Kannada: ಚದುರಂಗಿ ಗಿಡ chadurangi gida, ಹುಲುಗಿಲು ಗಿಡ hulugilu gida, ಕಾಕತುಂಡಿ kakatundi • Kokborok: কালী-সাম kali-sam • Konkani: कुडकी kurki • Kuki: langthlei • Kullui: काकतुण्डी kaktundi • Malayalam: ചെമ്മുള്ളി ചെടി chemmulli chedi, കമ്മൽ ചെടി kammal chedi • Malvani: कुडकी kurki • Manipuri: ꯀ꯭ꯔꯤꯁꯅꯥꯆꯨꯔꯥ krishnachura • Marathi: हळद कुंकूं halad kunku, काकतुंडी kakatundi, कुडकी kurki, कुरकी kuraki, पिवळा चित्रक pivla chitrak • Mizo: ding-di • Nepali: खुर्सानी कोशे फूल khursaani koshe phool, हिरालाल hiraalaal, माछा फूल maachhaa phool, मदाने madaane, शनिखार shanikhaar • Rabha: আখম লেৱা akhom-lewa • Sanskrit: काकनासिका kakanasika, काकतुण्डी kakatundi • Tamil: அரியமான் ariyaman, ககாதுண்டி kakaathundi • Telugu: అగ్ని జిల్లేడు agni jilledu, జిల్లేడు మందార jilledu mandara • Tulu: ಚದುರಂಗಿ chadurangi

known for / parts made use of: a keystone ecological host plant, roots, stems, leaves & flowers, seed pods & fluff, the milky sap / latex ... compiled from the web
botanical names: Asclepias curassavica L. ... homotypic synonyms: Asclepias aurantiaca Salisb. • Asclepias bicolor Moench • Asclepias nivea var. curassavica (L.) Kuntze ... heterotypic synonyms: Asclepias cubensis Wender. • Asclepias margaritacea Hoffmanns. ex Schult. ... and more at POWO, retrieved 13 July 2026
Bibliography / etymology / notes
Links listed as references in the notes below, may not remain valid permanently. Portals / websites have a tendency to re-organize / revise their content, leading to change in URLs of pages in their site. Some sites may even close down at their own will. The bits about the languages of India mentioned below are merely some bare facts gathered from the internet; just enough to satisfy curiosity about "where" could the listed names be best prevalent in India. All English transliterated names to be taken sensu amplo.
~~~~~ ENGLISH ~~~~~
written and spoken widely, in most parts of India
bloodflower, false ipecac
Curassavian swallow-wort, West Indian ipecacuanha
Indian root, scarlet milkweed, silkweed
  • Flowers of India ... (accessed: July 13, 2026)
  • Indian Root (Historical English Trade Name): A 17th-century maritime trade term. It does not reference India, but rather the West Indies (the Caribbean), where the plant is native. Early European traders coined the name after observing the indigenous "West Indian" tribes heavily utilizing the plant's thick, emetic roots in traditional medicine. ... compiled from the web.
~~~~~ ASSAMESE ~~~~~
written in: Assamese (অসমীয়া) ... spoken in: Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya
আকন লতা akon lota
  • Deka, Dipali (2007) - Ethno medico botanical study of certain tribes of Goalpara district, Assam :: Chapter 5 - Shodhganga :: a reservoir of Indian theses @ INFLIBNET
  • আকন লতা akon lota — A folk-taxonomic variant where lota (creeper / slender stem) is appended to akon (milkweed) to differentiate its slender, weak-stemmed habit from the robust native Calotropis shrub. ... compiled from the web.
ভাদৈ তিতা ফুল bhadoi tita phul
  • Many thanks to Late Brahmananda Patiri for help with this name ... facebook
  • Sharma, Pratibha & Sarma, Jintu & Sarma, C.M. (2019). Ethnobotany and micropropagation of Asclepias curassavica L. (Apocynaceae) – a medicinally potent naturalized plant in India. Pleione 13(2):227 ... (accessed: July 14, 2026)
  • ভাদৈ তিতা ফুল bhadoi tita phul — literally "the bitter flower of the monsoon month of Bhado" | ভাদৈ bhadoi: This refers directly to bhado (ভাদ), the fifth month of the traditional Assamese calendar (which corresponds to the late monsoon month) | তিতা tita: meaning "bitter" | ফুল phul: meaning "flower". ... compiled from the web.
~~~~~ BENGALI ~~~~~
written in: Bengali (বাংলা) ... spoken in: West Bengal, Assam, Jharkhand, Tripura, Andaman & Nicobar Islands
কাকতুণ্ডী kaktundi (or কাকতুন্ডী kaktundi), কৃষ্ণকলি krishna-kali
  • Majumdar, Koushik & Datta, B. (2007). A study on ethnomedicinal usage of plants among the folklore herbalists and Tripuri medical practitioners: Part-II. - Natural Product Radiance. 6. 66-73. ... (downloaded: Oct 9, 2023)
  • কৃষ্ণকলি krishna-kali — কৃষ্ণ (Krishna) means black, dark, or deeply intense color, and কলি (Kali) means a flower bud or blossom. A beautiful creative folk metaphor. When the plant is in its pre-blooming stage, the dense, tightly clustered, dark crimson-red flower buds look like intense, deep-toned gemstone studs. Local folklore practitioners in the region beautifully named it after Lord Krishna's deep-colored flower buds. ... compiled from the web.
~~~~~ BODO ~~~~~
written in: Devanagari or Latin ... spoken in: Assam ... other names for this language: Boro
खिम-नाना khim-nana
~~~~~ DOGRI ~~~~~
written in: Devanagari (डोगरी) ... spoken in: Jammu & Kashmir ... spoken by the Dogras
रत्तफुल rattphul
  • Asclepias curassavica L. - Department of Botany, Jammu University ... (accessed: July 16, 2026)
  • Sumeet Gairola, Jyotsana Sharma, Yashbir Singh Bedi - A cross-cultural analysis of Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh (India) medicinal plant use - Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Volume 155, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 925-986, ISSN 0378-8741 ... (downloaded: Jan 29, 2022)
  • रत्तफुल rattphul — literally "Blood-flower" or "Crimson-flower", derived from ratt [blood/red] and phul [flower]). This local vernacular name perfectly mirrors the global English name 'Blood-flower', capturing the striking crimson-red shade of the petals. ... compiled from the web.
~~~~~ GARHWALI ~~~~~
written in: Devanagari (गढ़वळि) ... spoken in: Uttarakhand
काकतुण्डी kaktundi, लाइमा laima
~~~~~ GUJARATI ~~~~~
written in: Gujarati (ગુજરાતી) ... spoken in: Gujarat, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu
કાકતુંડી kakatundi
~~~~~ HAJONG ~~~~~
written in: Bengali-Assamese (হাজং), Latin ... spoken in: Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, and West Bengal
আকান্দা লেৱা akanda lewa (or আকন্দ লেৱা akanda lewa)
  • Deka, Dipali (2007) - Ethno medico botanical study of certain tribes of Goalpara district, Assam :: Chapter 5 - Shodhganga :: a reservoir of Indian theses @ INFLIBNET
  • আকান্দা লেৱা akanda lewa — derived from akanda meaning milkweed, and lewa meaning vine / slender stem, used to distinguish it from the robust, woody native Calotropis shrub. ... compiled from the web.
~~~~~ HARYANVI ~~~~~
written in: Devanagari (हरियाणवी or हरयाणवी) ... spoken in: Haryana, Delhi
काकाटुन्डी kakatundi
  • Haryana Forest Flora - A Comprehensive Database of Ligneous Plants of Haryana (India) ... (accessed: Jul 14, 2026)
~~~~~ HINDI ~~~~~
written in: Devanagari (हिन्दी) ... spoken in: Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand
काकाटुन्डी kakatundi, कौरा डोडी kaura dodi
~~~~~ KACHCHHI ~~~~~
written in: Gujarati (કચ્છી), Sindhi (ڪڇّي) ... spoken in: Kutch region of Gujarat
કાકતુંડી kakatundi
~~~~~ KANNADA ~~~~~
written in: Kannada (ಕನ್ನಡ) ... spoken in: Karnataka
ಚದುರಂಗಿ ಗಿಡ chadurangi gida, ಹುಲುಗಿಲು ಗಿಡ hulugilu gida
ಕಾಕತುಂಡಿ kakatundi
~~~~~ KOKBOROK ~~~~~
written in: Koloma, Latin, Bengali–Assamese (ককবরক), Kokmari ... spoken in: Tripura ... other names for this language: Tripuri, Kokbarak, Tippera, Tipra, Trippera
কালী-সাম kali-sam
  • Majumdar, Koushik & Datta, B. (2007). A study on ethnomedicinal usage of plants among the folklore herbalists and Tripuri medical practitioners: Part-II. - Natural Product Radiance. 6. 66-73. ... (downloaded: Oct 9, 2023)
  • কালী-সাম kali-sam — a highly descriptive compound term combining the borrowed root Kali (denoting dark, deep-toned, or black) with the native Kokborok word Sam (meaning medicinal herb or grass). Thus the name literally translates to "The dark/deep-toned medicinal herb". It perfectly captures the plant's physical profile in the wild—referencing its dark, purplish-tinged stems and the intense, deep-crimson color of its tight flower clusters. It stands as a flawless tribal semantic mirror to the neighboring Bengali name, Krishna-kali. ... compiled from the web.
~~~~~ KONKANI ~~~~~
written in: Devanagari (कोंकणी) / Kannada (ಕೊಂಕಣಿ) / Malayalam (കൊങ്കണി) / Perso-Arabic (کونکنی) / Romi (Konknni) ... spoken in: Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Kerala, Gujarat
कुडकी kurki
  • Dalgado, Daniel Gelanio. Flora de Goa e Savantvadi: catalogo methodico das plantas medicinaes, alimentares e industriaes. Portugal, Imprensa Nacional, 1898. ... (downloaded: 21 Sept 2020)
  • V D Vartak (1966) - Enumeration of plants from Gomantak India with a note on botanical excursions to the Castlerock area :: Chapter 5 :: Shodhganga :: a reservoir of Indian theses @ INFLIBNET
  • कुडकी kurki — historically transcribed as Kurkî by S.R. Dalgado (1898) and kurki by V.D. Vartak. This coastal entry bridges perfectly with the inland Marathi records. It demonstrates that the traditional visual metaphor of the ear-stud (कुडकी) was universally used by Agrarian communities across the entire western maritime belt to identify the plant's unique, rounded flower heads. ... compiled from the web.
~~~~~ KUKI ~~~~~
written in: Roman ... spoken in: Manipur, Assam, Nagaland ... other names for this language:Thado, Thado-Pao, Thado-Ubiphei, Thaadou Kuki
langthlei
  • Wanglar Alphonsa Moyon and L Arunkumar Singh - Ichthyotoxic plants of Manipur. - Int. J. Fauna Biol. Stud. 2017;4(4):29-36. ... (accessed: July 15, 2026)
  • langthlei — A compound term derived from lang (to stand out prominently / display) and thlei (to select, sort, or separate). The name carries an ethnobotanical double meaning in the region. Because Asclepias curassavica L. is documented as an ichthyotoxic (fish-poisoning) agent, the term thlei captures the physical consequence of the plant’s harvest utility — forcing the stupefied fish to "separate" from the riverbeds and float to the surface for selection. ... compiled from the web.
~~~~~ KULLUI ~~~~~
written in: Takri (𑚊𑚰𑚥𑚷𑚱𑚃), Devanagari (कुळूई) ... spoken in: Kullu District of Himachal Pradesh ... other names for this language: Kullu, Kulvi
काकतुण्डी kaktundi
~~~~~ MALAYALAM ~~~~~
written in: Malayalam (മലയാളം) ... spoken in: Kerala, Lakshadweep
ചെമ്മുള്ളി ചെടി chemmulli chedi, കമ്മൽ ചെടി kammal chedi
~~~~~ MALVANI ~~~~~
written in: Devanagari (मालवणी) ... spoken in: Maharashtra (only in the Sindhudurg district), north Goa (especially Pernem taluka) ... a dialect of Konkani with significant Marathi influences and loanwords
कुडकी kurki
  • Dalgado, Daniel Gelanio. Flora de Goa e Savantvadi: catalogo methodico das plantas medicinaes, alimentares e industriaes. Portugal, Imprensa Nacional, 1898. ... (downloaded: 21 Sept 2020)
  • V D Vartak (1966) - Enumeration of plants from Gomantak India with a note on botanical excursions to the Castlerock area :: Chapter 5 :: Shodhganga :: a reservoir of Indian theses @ INFLIBNET
  • कुडकी kurki — historically transcribed as Kurkî by S.R. Dalgado (1898) and kurki by V.D. Vartak. This coastal entry bridges perfectly with the inland Marathi records. It demonstrates that the traditional visual metaphor of the ear-stud (कुडकी) was universally used by Agrarian communities across the entire western maritime belt to identify the plant's unique, rounded flower heads. ... compiled from the web.
~~~~~ MANIPURI ~~~~~
written in: Meiteilon (ꯃꯩꯇꯩꯂꯣꯟ), Bengali-Assamese ... spoken in: Manipur ... other names for this language: Meetei
ꯀ꯭ꯔꯤꯁꯅꯥꯆꯨꯔꯥ krishnachura
~~~~~ MARATHI ~~~~~
written in: Devanagari (मराठी) ... spoken in: Maharashtra, Karnataka
हळद कुंकूं halad kunku
काकतुंडी kakatundi
कुडकी kurki
कुरकी kuraki
  • मराठी विश्वकोश - महाराष्ट्र राज्य मराठी विश्वकोश निर्मिती मंडळ
  • Sir George Watt - A Dictionary of the Economic Products of India - Volume 1
  • कुरकी kuraki or कुर्की kurki — a modern Hindi or Marathi reader would pronounce them with a clear, sharp, dental "R" sound (kur-kee), which completely erases the historical, physical connection to the ear-ornament (kudaki). These spellings are simply phonetic illusions; they are how a non-native writer would write down what they thought they heard. ... compiled from the web.
पिवळा चित्रक pivla chitrak
  • Flowers of Sahyadri by Shrikant Ingalhalikar, the first among the three field guides to identify plants of northern Western Ghats of India, based on flowers
~~~~~ MIZO ~~~~~
written in: Latin, Bengali-Assamese ... spoken in: Mizoram ... other names for this language: Lushai, Duhlian
ding-di
  • O. P. Singh et. al. - State of Environment Report of Mizoram 2016 - Department of Environment, Forests & Climate Change, Government of Mizoram ... (downloaded: Feb 9, 2022)
  • ENVIS :: Biological Diversity In Mizoram ... (downloaded: Aug 18, 2022)
  • R.Thansanga - Mizoram Hmulphurh leh Thlai Hmingte (Mizo - Botanical names) THUHMAHRUAI ... (downloaded: Aug 30, 2023)
  • ding-di — Historically documented by J.H. Lorrain in his "Dictionary of the Lushai language" [↗] as an ancestral term for vivid red/yellow flower clusters, later permanently adopted for this naturalised species. ... compiled from the web.
~~~~~ NEPALI ~~~~~
written in: Devanagari (नेपाली) ... spoken in: Nepal, West Bengal, Assam, Sikkim, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Jammu & Kashmir
खुर्सानी कोशे फूल khursaani koshe phool, हिरालाल hiraalaal, माछा फूल maachhaa phool, मदाने madaane, शनिखार shanikhaar
  • Many thanks to Saroj Kumar Kasaju for help with these names ... eFloraofIndia
~~~~~ RABHA ~~~~~
written in: Assamese (ৰাভা), Bengali, English ... spoken in: Assam, Nagaland, West Bengal, Meghalaya
আখম লেৱা akhom-lewa
  • Deka, Dipali (2007) - Ethno medico botanical study of certain tribes of Goalpara district, Assam :: Chapter 5 - Shodhganga :: a reservoir of Indian theses @ INFLIBNET
  • আখম (Akhom): This is the native Rabha variant of the Assamese Akon (আকন) and the Hajong Akanda (আকান্দা) — all referencing the native, latex-oozing Calotropis gigantea shrub. লেৱা (Lewa): Just like in Hajong, lewa is the exact Rabha vocabulary word for a creeper, vine, or weak-stemmed trailing weed. Thus, আখম লেৱা (Akhom-lewa) translates perfectly to "The creeper-like milkweed". ... compiled from the web.
~~~~~ SANSKRIT ~~~~~
written in: Devanagari (संस्कृतम्) ... used all over India by priests and scholars
काकनासिका kakanasika, काकतुण्डी kakatundi
  • FRLHT & NMPB — Indian Medicinal Plants Database ... (accessed: July 15, 2026)
  • NOTE: Ayurvedic nomenclature and Sanskrit descriptive names are applied to this introduced, naturalised species owing to its potent therapeutic properties and distinct morphological features.
~~~~~ TAMIL ~~~~~
written in: Tamil (தமிழ்) ... spoken in: Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, Andaman & Nicobar Islands
அரியமான் ariyaman
ககாதுண்டி kakaathundi
~~~~~ TELUGU ~~~~~
written in: Telugu ( తెలుగు) ... spoken in: Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Puducherry
అగ్ని జిల్లేడు agni jilledu, జిల్లేడు మందార jilledu mandara
  • Flora Andhrika - Plant Wealth of Andhra Pradesh, India ... (accessed: July 15, 2026)
~~~~~ TULU ~~~~~
written in: Tigalari (Tulu) was used for writing Vedic texts in Sanskrit, Kannada (ತುಳು), Malayalam (തുളു) ... spoken in: Karnataka, north Kerala
ಚದುರಂಗಿ chadurangi
~~~~~ KNOWN DISTRIBUTION in INDIA ~~~~~
throughout; introduced, naturalized, cultivated.
~~~~~ Created on: 08:58 14-07-2026 ¦ Last updated: 20:42 16-07-2026 (DD-MM-YYYY) ~~~~~
Apocynaceae Asclepiadaceae Asclepiadoideae perennial annual tropical tender subshrub shrub herbaceous herb forb "Asclepias aurantiaca" "Asclepias bicolor" "Asclepias nivea var. curassavica" "Asclepias cubensis" "Asclepias margaritacea" "bastard ipecacuanha" bloodflower bloodroot "butterfly weed" "false ipecac" "Mexican milkweed" redhead "scarlet milkweed" "swallow-wort" "wild ipecacuanha"
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Monday, 13 July 2026

Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex G.Don

Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex G.Don

al-STON-ee-uh -- named for Dr C Alston, Scottish Professor of Botany at Edinburgh ... Dave's Botanary
mak-roh-FIL-uh -- big leaf ... Dave's Botanary
commonly known as: batino, devil tree, hard alstonia • Bengali: বড়পাতা ছাতিম bara-pata chhatim • Gujarati: મોટી સપ્તપર્ણી mothi saptaparni • Kannada: ಜಂತಾಲ ಮರ janthaala mara • Malayalam: പെരും പാല perum paala • Marathi: मोठी सातवीण mothi satveen • Nicobarese: tachoroi • Onge: chuharoi • Tamil: வெள்ளை மரம் vellai maram • Telugu: బాటినో batino

known for / parts made use of: stem bark, leaves, trunk timber, roots & latex (sap), the whole living tree ... compiled from the web
botanical names: Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex G.Don ... heterotypic synonyms listed at POWO, retrieved 12 July 2026
Bibliography / etymology / notes
Links listed as references in the notes below, may not remain valid permanently. Portals / websites have a tendency to re-organize / revise their content, leading to change in URLs of pages in their site. Some sites may even close down at their own will. The bits about the languages of India mentioned below are merely some bare facts gathered from the internet; just enough to satisfy curiosity about "where" could the listed names be best prevalent in India. All English transliterated names to be taken sensu amplo.
~~~~~ ENGLISH ~~~~~
written and spoken widely, in most parts of India
batino
  • Philippine Medicinal Plants - StuartXchange ... (accessed: July 12, 2026)
  • Batino is a popular name for this plant in the Tagalog language (spoken natively by the Tagalog people of the Philippines). ... compiled from the web.
devil tree
hard alstonia
matchstick tree
  • The Useful Plants of India (CSIR, Publications & Information Directorate)
  • While the authoritative publication "The Useful Plants of India" published by CSIR indexes this species under the English name "Match-stick Tree" it is important to note that Alstonia macrophylla is not commercially cultivated for timber on the Indian mainland. It remains strictly an urban ornamental and avenue tree. The matchstick trade designation applies primarily to its native operations in Southeast Asia, where its lightweight, straight-grained wood is traditionally harvested for industrial safety splints. ... compiled from the web.
~~~~~ BENGALI ~~~~~
written in: Bengali (বাংলা) ... spoken in: West Bengal, Assam, Jharkhand, Tripura, Andaman & Nicobar Islands
বড়পাতা ছাতিম bara-pata chhatim
  • While some local naturalists colloquially refer to Alstonia macrophylla as "ছোট ছাতিম" (Chhota Chhatim) due to its smaller, milder flowers compared to the native state tree Alstonia scholaris (ছাতিম / Chhatim), its scientific name explicitly denotes its massive foliage. Borrowing the size-modifier framework established by Shrikant Ingalhalikar in Maharashtra, বড়পাতা ছাতিম (Bara-pata Chhatim / Large-leaved Chhatim) is coined as the most anatomically accurate Bengali name for this introduced species.
~~~~~ GUJARATI ~~~~~
written in: Gujarati (ગુજરાતી) ... spoken in: Gujarat, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu
મોટી સપ્તપર્ણી mothi saptaparni
  • As an introduced ornamental, Alstonia macrophylla lacks a traditional folk identity in Gujarat. However, the definitive Gujarati Vishwakosh establishes સપ્તપર્ણી (Saptaparni) [↗] as the universal local identity for the native Alstonia scholaris. મોટી સપ્તપર્ણી mothi saptaparni is coined in Gujarati, to cleanly represent the 'Large Seven-Leaved' characteristics of A. macrophylla, based on the elegant naming convention of botanist Shrikant Ingalhalikar, who coined 'Mothi Satveen' in Marathi.
~~~~~ KANNADA ~~~~~
written in: Kannada (ಕನ್ನಡ) ... spoken in: Karnataka
ಜಂತಾಲ ಮರ janthaala mara
~~~~~ MALAYALAM ~~~~~
written in: Malayalam (മലയാളം) ... spoken in: Kerala, Lakshadweep
ബാറ്റിനോ batino
  • Sreekumar, V.B. and Kukreti S. B. (2024). A database for wood samples housed at the Xylarium of the Kerala Forest Research (KFRI Xylarium) ... (accessed: July 13, 2026)
  • The Keral State botanical bodies, like the "Kerala Forest Research Institute (KFRI)", have bypassed coining a new name for this species. They have very simply maintained the authentic international trade name, reverse-transcribing it as ബാറ്റിനോ (Batino). The name integrates beautifully into the phonetic landscape of the Malayalam language without feeling out of place.
പെരും പാല perum paala
  • Many thanks to Sam Kuzhalanattu for help with coining the name ... eFloraofIndia
~~~~~ MARATHI ~~~~~
written in: Devanagari (मराठी) ... spoken in: Maharashtra, Karnataka
मोठी सातवीण mothi satveen
  • name coined, for want of name, by Shrikant Ingalhalikar, the author of Further Flowers of Sahyadri, the second among the three field guides to identify plants of northern Western Ghats of India, based on flowers
~~~~~ NICOBARESE ~~~~~
written in: Latin ... spoken in: Nicobar islands ... spoken by Nicobarese people ... Six distinct dialects and languages are spoken in the Nicobar Archipleago
tachoroi
~~~~~ ONGE ~~~~~
written in: Latin ... spoken in: Little Andaman Island ... spoken by: Onge people ... other names for this language: Ongee, Eng, Ung, also rendered Önge
chuharoi
~~~~~ TAMIL ~~~~~
written in: Tamil (தமிழ்) ... spoken in: Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, Andaman & Nicobar Islands
வெள்ளை மரம் vellai maram
~~~~~ TELUGU ~~~~~
written in: Telugu ( తెలుగు) ... spoken in: Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Puducherry
బాటినో batino
  • Exhaustive searches across Telugu news portals and Indian plant databases reveal no recorded regional name for this introduced species. Coining a compound name by prefixing a descriptor to the established names of Alstonia scholaris (such as Daevasurippi or Edakula Ponna) would not yield a phonetically pleasant name. To preserve linguistic harmony, it is best to very simply reverse-transcribe the globally popular Tagalog name into Telugu script as బాటినో (Batino).
~~~~~ KNOWN DISTRIBUTION in INDIA ~~~~~
Native to Andaman & Nicobar islands; introduced in the Indian mainland [↗] as an ornamental in urban parks.
NOTE: Select regional names have been intentionally coined on this page for languages that previously lacked vernacular names, to give this introduced species a localized identity.
~~~~~ Created on: 08:44 13-07-2026 ¦ Last updated: 12:18 15-07-2026 (DD-MM-YYYY) ~~~~~
Apocynaceae evergreen tree "Alstonia macrophylla" batino "devil tree" "hard alstonia" "matchstick tree"
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Saturday, 11 July 2026

Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br.

Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br.

al-STON-ee-uh -- named for Dr C Alston, Scottish Professor of Botany at Edinburgh ... Dave's Botanary
skoh-LAH-riss -- of or belonging to a school; scholarly ... compiled from the web
commonly known as: blackboard tree, chatiyan wood, devil tree, dita bark, scholar tree • Adi: pumlor, sing-gar-asing, singar, singgler • Ahom: maai-tang, ছতিয়ানা satiana • Assamese: বহুপৰ্ণী bohuporni, ছৈতেন্ chhaiten, চতিয়না sotiyana, সপ্তচ্ছদ xoptossod, সপ্তপত্ৰ xoptopotro, সপ্তপৰ্ণী xoptoporni • Apatani: tayesangne • Bengali: ছাতিম chhatim • Bhojpuri: चटवन chatwan • Bodo: sataona, sitona • Dogri: सत्त पत्तरा satt pattra • Garo: bor-chhak-chhan, sokchuan, sokson • Gujarati: સપ્તપર્ણ saptaparna, સાતવીન satvin • Hajong: saitani • Haryanvi: सप्तपर्णी saptaparni • Hindi: बहुपुत्र bahuputra, चतवन chatawan, चितवन chitvan, दलेगन्धि dale-gandhi, देववृक्ष dev-vriksh, सप्तपर्णी saptaparni, शैतान का झाड़ shaitan ka jhar, शारदी sharadi, विन्याक vinyak • Jharua: satiana • Kachari: bon-khlang-phang, bong-khlong • Kachchhi: સપ્તપર્ણી sapt parni • Kannada: ಅಸಮಚ್ಛದ asamacchada, ಬಂತಲೆ bantale, ಏೞೆಲೆವಾೞೆ elelevaale, ಹಾಲೆ haale, ಜಂತಾಲೆ ಮರ jantaale mara, ಕೋಡಾಲೆ kodaale, ಮದ್ದಾಲೆ maddaale, ಪಾಲೆ paale, ಸಪ್ತಚ್ಛದ saptacchada, ಸಪ್ತಪರ್ಣಿ saptaparni • Karbi: thengmu-arong, thengnu, thengpei-recho-arong • Khasi: dieng-ryteng, dieng-rytten • Koch: ছতিয়াল পান satiyal pan • Kokborok: letuang • Kol: kunumung • Konkani: सांतवीण samtvin • Kuki: chong-pereng • Kumaoni: चटियान chatian, सप्तपर्ण saptaparna, शैतान shaitan • Lepcha: purvok koong • Maithili: चतवन chatwan • Malayalam: ദൈവപ്പാല daivappaala, ഏഴിലന്പാല ezhilanpaala, മംഗലപ്പാല mangalappaala, യക്ഷിപ്പാല yakshippaala • Malvani: सातिंग saating • Marathi: सप्तपर्ण saptaparna, सातवीण satvin • Mech: sethona • Mishing: satiyana, sing-gar-asing, singgir, souti-asing • Mizo: thuam-riat • Nepali: छतिवन chhatiwan, छलामैन chhalaamain, पालिमारा paalimaaraa • Nyishi: papuk siin, tabiang, tai sen, taisan, taye sangne • Odia: ବିଷମଚ୍ଛଦ bishamachchhada, ଛଚିନା chhachina, ଛତିଆନା chhatiana, ଗୁଚ୍ଛପୁଷ୍ପ guchchhapushpa, ମୁନିଚ୍ଛଦ munichchhada, ଶାଳ୍ମଳିପତ୍ରକ shalmalipatraka, ସପ୍ତଚ୍ଛଦ shaptachchadda, ଶାରଦ sharada • Pahari: चातीवन chatiwan, चटीडू chatidu, छत्याल chhatyal • Punjabi: ਸਤੌਨਾ satouna • Rajasthani: सप्तपर्णी saptparni • Sanskrit: अन्तिका antika, अयुगच्छद ayugacchada, अयुक्छद ayukchada, बहुच्छद bahucchada, बहुपर्ण bahuparna, बहुपुत्र bahuputra, बहुत्वच् bahutvach, ब्रह्मत्वच् brahmatvach, बृहत्त्वच् brhattvach, छत्त्रपर्ण chattraparna, दलेगन्धि dalegandhi, देववृक्ष devavrksha, गन्धपर्ण gandhaparna, ग्रहनाश grahanasha, गुच्छपुष्प gucchapushpa, गुत्सकपुष्प gutsakapushpa, मदगन्ध madagandha, मुनिच्छद municchada, सप्तच्छद saptacchada, सप्तपलाश saptapalasha, सप्तपर्ण saptaparna, सप्तपत्त्र saptapattra, शक्तिपर्ण shaktiparna, शाल्मलिपत्त्रक shalmalipattraka, शारद sharada, शारदभूरुह् sharadabhuruh, शिरोरुजा shiroruja, शुक्तिपर्ण shuktiparna, सुपर्णक suparnaka, विद्ध viddha, विनद vinada, विन्याक vinyaka, विशालत्वच् vishalatvach, विषमच्छद vishamacchada, विषमपलाश vishamapalasha, युग्मपर्ण yugmaparna • Santali: ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱴᱱᱤ chatni • Sylheti: chhatni, khami, satni • Tagin: tai sen, tayesangne • Tamil: ஏழிலைப்பாலை el-ilai-p-paalai, இருள்பாலை irul-paalai • Telugu: దేవసూరిప్పి daevasurippi, ఏడాకుల పాల edaakula paala, ఏడాకుల పొన్న edaakula ponna, ఏడాకుల అరిటి edakula-ariti, ఎలారము elaaramu, కొండ గన్నేరు konda ganneru, పాల గరుడ paalagaruda • Tibetan: ལོ་མ་བདུན། lo ma bdun • Tulu: ಪಾಲೆ paale • Urdu: دلےگندھی dale-gandhi, دیوبرکش deo-briksh, شاردي sharadi, ونياك vinyak

known for / parts made use of: roots, wood, bark (most used), leaves, latex (milky sap)
botanical names: Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br. ... homotypic synonyms: Echites scholaris L. ... and more at POWO, retrieved 8 July 2026
Bibliography / etymology / notes
Links listed as references in the notes below, may not remain valid permanently. Portals / websites have a tendency to re-organize / revise their content, leading to change in URLs of pages in their site. Some sites may even close down at their own will. The bits about the languages of India mentioned below are merely some bare facts gathered from the internet; just enough to satisfy curiosity about "where" could the listed names be best prevalent in India. All English transliterated names to be taken sensu amplo.
~~~~~ ENGLISH ~~~~~
written and spoken widely, in most parts of India
blackboard tree, devil tree, dita bark, scholar tree
  • Flowers of India ... (accessed: July 8, 2026)
  • Blackboard Tree: Widely taught in Indian forestry and botany. It directly references the use of its soft wood for writing boards (takhti) in regional school history. ... compiled from the web.
  • Devil Tree: Immensely popular across India. It is a direct translation of regional vernacular labels like the Hindi Shaitan ka jhar or Marathi Satvin, inspired by tribal folklore and the toxic nature of its milky sap. ... compiled from the web.
  • Dita bark: This term is primarily used in Indian pharmacology and Ayurvedic trade. It references the medicinal bark extract used to treat fevers. ... compiled from the web.
  • Scholar Tree: Very frequently used in Indian educational institutes, landscaping, and English-medium botanical texts as a direct nod to its species name, scholaris. ... compiled from the web.
chatiyan wood
  • Meena, Ajay & Nitika, Garg & Jaspreet, Nain & Meena, Ramavatar & Meda, Mruthyumjaya. (2011). Review on ethnobotany, phytochemical and pharmacological profile on Alstonia scholaris. Int Res J Pharm. 2. 49-54. ... (accessed: July 8, 2026)
  • Chatiyan wood: This is an anglicised trade/timber name derived directly from Chhatiyan or Chatim, which are the prominent Hindi and Bengali vernacular names for the tree. It is used mostly in Indian commercial timber markets rather than daily conversation. ... compiled from the web.
~~~~~ ADI ~~~~~
written in: Latin ... spoken in: Arunachal Pradesh
pumlor, singar, singgler
sing-gar-asing
  • U N Kanjilal, P C Kanjilal, A Das, R N De - Flora of Assam - Vol III
~~~~~ AHOM ~~~~~
written in: Ahom, Latin, Assamese ... mainly used by priests and scholars for religious and educational purposes; spoken in: erstwhile Ahom kingdom (some part in present day Assam) ... other names for this language: Tai-Ahom
maai-tang, ছতিয়ানা satiana
  • Ethnobotanyofnortheastindia (2020 onwards). Database of names of useful plants of north-east India - developed by the members of ethnobotanyofnortheastindia Google-site ... Accessed on 9 July 2026
  • NOTE: "maai-tang" is a pure, classical Tai-Ahom lexical word. The prefix "maai" (sometimes written as mai) is the definitive Tai word for "wood" or "tree". Trying to force "maai-tang" into Assamese script characters would be an artificial back-translation that doesn't reflect real-world writing. It is much more authentic to leave it in the standardized Latin phonetic script used by modern Tai-Ahom revivalist scholars and ethnobotanists.
  • NOTE: While recorded in the Tai-Ahom cultural dataset, "satiana" is actually a borrowed loanword from the surrounding Assamese language (Sotiyana / চতিয়না). Over centuries of assimilation, the modern Ahom community adopted many Assamese terms into their daily vocabulary. Because this specific name has a living, native script counterpart in the region, rendering it in the regional script is highly appropriate.
~~~~~ ASSAMESE ~~~~~
written in: Assamese (অসমীয়া) ... spoken in: Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya
বহুপৰ্ণী bohuporni, সপ্তচ্ছদ xoptossod, সপ্তপত্ৰ xoptopotro, সপ্তপৰ্ণী xoptoporni
  • XOBDO - Your gateway to multilingual knowledge and resources ... (accessed: July 9, 2026)
ছৈতেন্ chhaiten
  • U N Kanjilal, P C Kanjilal, A Das, R N De - Flora of Assam - Vol III
চতিয়না sotiyana
  • Candrakānta abhidhāna : Asamiyi sabdara butpatti aru udaharanere Asamiya-Ingraji dui bhashara artha thaka abhidhana. 2nd ed. Guwahati : Guwahati Bisbabidyalaya, 1962.
  • or চতীয়না chatiyana ... XOBDO - Your gateway to multilingual knowledge and resources ... (accessed: July 9, 2026)
~~~~~ APATANI ~~~~~
written in: Roman ... spoken in: Arunachal Pradesh ... other names for this language: Apa Tani, Tanw
tayesangne
~~~~~ BENGALI ~~~~~
written in: Bengali (বাংলা) ... spoken in: West Bengal, Assam, Jharkhand, Tripura, Andaman & Nicobar Islands
ছাতিম chhatim
~~~~~ BHOJPURI ~~~~~
written in: Devanagari (भोजपुरी) ... spoken in: eastern Uttar Pradesh, western Bihar and northwestern Jharkhand
चटवन chatwan
  • Floristic Diversity of Nalanda - बिहार वानिकी विकास निगम लिमिटेड (Bihar Forestry Development Corporation Limited) ... (downloaded: December 31, 2023)
  • Floristic Diversity of Rohtas - बिहार वानिकी विकास निगम लिमिटेड (Bihar Forestry Development Corporation Limited) ... (downloaded: December 31, 2023)
  • Floristic Diversity of West Champaran - बिहार वानिकी विकास निगम लिमिटेड (Bihar Forestry Development Corporation Limited) ... (downloaded: December 31, 2023)
~~~~~ BODO ~~~~~
written in: Devanagari or Latin ... spoken in: Assam ... other names for this language: Boro
sataona, sitona
~~~~~ DOGRI ~~~~~
written in: Devanagari (डोगरी) ... spoken in: Jammu & Kashmir ... spoken by the Dogras
सत्त पत्तरा satt pattra
  • Many thanks to OM Prakash Vidyarthi for help with this name ... facebook
~~~~~ GARO ~~~~~
written in: Roman, Bengali-Assamese, A-Chik Tok'birim ... spoken in: Meghalaya, Assam
bor-chhak-chhan, sokchuan, sokson
~~~~~ GUJARATI ~~~~~
written in: Gujarati (ગુજરાતી) ... spoken in: Gujarat, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu
સપ્તપર્ણ saptaparna, સાતવીન satvin
~~~~~ HAJONG ~~~~~
written in: Bengali-Assamese (হাজং), Latin ... spoken in: Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, and West Bengal
saitani
~~~~~ HARYANVI ~~~~~
written in: Devanagari (हरियाणवी or हरयाणवी) ... spoken in: Haryana, Delhi
सप्तपर्णी saptaparni
  • Haryana Forest Flora - A Comprehensive Database of Ligneous Plants of Haryana (India) ... (accessed: Jul 10, 2026)
~~~~~ HINDI ~~~~~
written in: Devanagari (हिन्दी) ... spoken in: Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand
बहुपुत्र bahuputra, दलेगन्धि dale-gandhi, शारदी sharadi, विन्याक vinyak
चतवन chatawan
चितवन chitvan, शैतान का झाड़ shaitan ka jhar
देववृक्ष dev-vriksh
सप्तपर्णी saptaparni
  • for छतिवन का फूल ... Dasa, Syamasundara. Hindi sabdasagara. Navina samskarana. Kasi: Nagari Pracarini Sabha, 1965-1975.
~~~~~ JHARUA ~~~~~
written in: Bengali-Assamese, Latin ... spoken in: Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, West Bengal ... a dialect of Assamese, spoken by Kochs and Hajongs
satiana
  • U N Kanjilal, P C Kanjilal, A Das, R N De - Flora of Assam - Vol III
~~~~~ KACHARI ~~~~~
written in: Bengali-Assamese, Devanagari, Latin ... spoken in: Assam, Nagaland ... other names for this language: Cachari, Plains Kachari (Boro or Bara) and Hill Kachari (Dimasa)
bon-khlang-phang, bong-khlong
  • U N Kanjilal, P C Kanjilal, A Das, R N De - Flora of Assam - Vol III
~~~~~ KACHCHHI ~~~~~
written in: Gujarati (કચ્છી), Sindhi (ڪڇّي) ... spoken in: Kutch region of Gujarat
સપ્તપર્ણી sapt parni
~~~~~ KANNADA ~~~~~
written in: Kannada (ಕನ್ನಡ) ... spoken in: Karnataka
ಅಸಮಚ್ಛದ asamacchada, ಬಂತಲೆ bantale, ಏೞೆಲೆವಾೞೆ elelevaale, ಹಾಲೆ haale, ಜಂತಾಲೆ ಮರ jantaale mara (or ಜಂತಾಲ jantaala), ಕೋಡಾಲೆ kodaale, ಮದ್ದಾಲೆ maddaale, ಪಾಲೆ paale, ಸಪ್ತಚ್ಛದ saptacchada, ಸಪ್ತಪರ್ಣಿ saptaparni
~~~~~ KARBI ~~~~~
written in: Roman ... spoken in: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland ... other names for this language: Mikir or Arleng
thengnu
thengmu-arong, thengpei-recho-arong
  • U N Kanjilal, P C Kanjilal, A Das, R N De - Flora of Assam - Vol III
~~~~~ KHASI ~~~~~
written in: Latin (Khasi alphabet), Bengali-Assamese ... spoken in: Meghalaya, Assam
dieng-ryteng, dieng-rytten
  • U N Kanjilal, P C Kanjilal, A Das, R N De - Flora of Assam - Vol III
~~~~~ KOCH ~~~~~
written in: Assamese, Bengali, Roman ... spoken in: Meghalaya, lower Assam, West Bengal, Bihar ... spoken by: Koch people, including Koch-Rajbongshi or Koch-Rajbonshi
ছতিয়াল পান satiyal pan
~~~~~ KOKBOROK ~~~~~
written in: Koloma, Latin, Bengali–Assamese (ককবরক), Kokmari ... spoken in: Tripura ... other names for this language: Tripuri, Kokbarak, Tippera, Tipra, Trippera
letuang
  • U N Kanjilal, P C Kanjilal, A Das, R N De - Flora of Assam - Vol III
~~~~~ KOL ~~~~~
written in: Warang Chiti (or Barang Kshiti, Varang Kshiti), Devanagari ... spoken in: Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, West Bengal ... spoken by: Kol people
kunumung
~~~~~ KONKANI ~~~~~
written in: Devanagari (कोंकणी) / Kannada (ಕೊಂಕಣಿ) / Malayalam (കൊങ്കണി) / Perso-Arabic (کونکنی) / Romi (Konknni) ... spoken in: Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Kerala, Gujarat
सांतवीण samtvin
~~~~~ KUKI ~~~~~
written in: Roman ... spoken in: Manipur, Assam, Nagaland ... other names for this language:Thado, Thado-Pao, Thado-Ubiphei, Thaadou Kuki
chong-pereng
  • U N Kanjilal, P C Kanjilal, A Das, R N De - Flora of Assam - Vol III
~~~~~ KUMAONI ~~~~~
written in: Devanagari ... spoken in: Uttarakhand
चटियान chatian, सप्तपर्ण saptaparna, शैतान shaitan
~~~~~ LEPCHA ~~~~~
written in: Lepcha (or Róng), Tibetan ... spoken in: Sikkim, West Bengal
purvok koong
~~~~~ MAITHILI ~~~~~
written in: Devanagari (मैथिली) ... spoken in: Bihar, Jharkhand
चतवन chatwan
  • Floristic Diversity of Banka - बिहार वानिकी विकास निगम लिमिटेड (Bihar Forestry Development Corporation Limited) ... (downloaded: December 31, 2023)
  • Floristic Diversity of Jamui - बिहार वानिकी विकास निगम लिमिटेड (Bihar Forestry Development Corporation Limited) ... (downloaded: December 31, 2023)
  • Floristic Diversity of Munger - बिहार वानिकी विकास निगम लिमिटेड (Bihar Forestry Development Corporation Limited) ... (downloaded: December 31, 2023)
~~~~~ MALAYALAM ~~~~~
written in: Malayalam (മലയാളം) ... spoken in: Kerala, Lakshadweep
ദൈവപ്പാല daivappaala
ഏഴിലന്പാല ezhilanpaala, മംഗലപ്പാല mangalappaala
യക്ഷിപ്പാല yakshippaala
~~~~~ MALVANI ~~~~~
written in: Devanagari (मालवणी) ... spoken in: Maharashtra (only in the Sindhudurg district), north Goa (especially Pernem taluka) ... a dialect of Konkani with significant Marathi influences and loanwords
सातिंग saating
  • Many thanks to Nitin Kawthankar for help with this name ... facebook
~~~~~ MARATHI ~~~~~
written in: Devanagari (मराठी) ... spoken in: Maharashtra, Karnataka
सप्तपर्ण saptaparna, सातवीण satvin (or सातवण satvan)
  • Molesworth, J. T. (James Thomas). A dictionary, Marathi and English. 2d ed., rev. and enl. Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's press, 1857.
~~~~~ MECH ~~~~~
written in: Devanagari, Roman ... spoken by: Mech people (Bodos of north West Bengal)
sethona
  • U N Kanjilal, P C Kanjilal, A Das, R N De - Flora of Assam - Vol III
~~~~~ MISHING ~~~~~
written in: Assamese, Devanagari, Latin ... spoken in: Assam, Arunachal Pradesh ... other names for this language: Mising, Plains Miri
satiyana
sing-gar-asing, souti-asing
  • U N Kanjilal, P C Kanjilal, A Das, R N De - Flora of Assam - Vol III
singgir
  • XOBDO - Your gateway to multilingual knowledge and resources ... (accessed: July 9, 2026)
~~~~~ MIZO ~~~~~
written in: Latin, Bengali-Assamese ... spoken in: Mizoram ... other names for this language: Lushai, Duhlian
thuam-riat
~~~~~ NEPALI ~~~~~
written in: Devanagari (नेपाली) ... spoken in: Nepal, West Bengal, Assam, Sikkim, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Jammu & Kashmir
छतिवन chhatiwan, छलामैन chhalaamain, पालिमारा paalimaaraa
  • Many thanks to Saroj Kumar Kasaju for help with these names ... eFloraofIndia
~~~~~ NYISHI ~~~~~
written in: Latin ... spoken in: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam ... spoken by the Daffla (or Dafla) tribe, now known as Nyishi tribe ... other names for this language: Nishi, Nisi, Nishang, Nissi, Nyising, Leil, Aya, Akang, Bangni-Bangru, Solung
papuk siin, tabiang, tai sen, taisan, taye sangne
~~~~~ ODIA ~~~~~
written in: Odia (ଓଡ଼ିଆ) ... spoken in: Odisha, Andaman & Nicobar Islands
ବିଷମଚ୍ଛଦ bishamachchhada, ଛଚିନା chhachina, ଛତିଆନା chhatiana, ଗୁଚ୍ଛପୁଷ୍ପ guchchhapushpa, ମୁନିଚ୍ଛଦ munichchhada, ଶାଳ୍ମଳିପତ୍ରକ shalmalipatraka, ସପ୍ତଚ୍ଛଦ shaptachchadda, ଶାରଦ sharada (or ଶାରଦୀ sharadi)
~~~~~ PAHARI (or PAHADI) ~~~~~
written in: Devanagari (पहाड़ी), Perso-Arabic (پہاڑی) ... variety of languages, dialects and language groups, spoken in Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand
चातीवन chatiwan (or चतीवन chatiwan), चटीडू chatidu (or चतिडू chatidu), छत्याल chhatyal
~~~~~ PUNJABI ~~~~~
written in: Gurmukhi (ਪੰਜਾਬੀ) ... spoken in: Punjab
ਸਤੌਨਾ satouna (or ਸਤੌਣਾ satauna)
  • Herbal Medicine Plants - Saptaparna - SSMD Ayurvedic College & Hospital, Moga (Punjab) ... (accessed: July 11, 2026)
  • NOTE: ਸਤੌਨਾ (Satouna) is the modern standardized Punjabi / Ayurvedic text spelling. ਸਤੌਣਾ (Satauna) is the classical spoken Punjabi phonetic spelling (aligning with Bhai Maya Singh's dictionary root).
~~~~~ RAJASTHANI ~~~~~
written in: Devanagari (राजस्थानी) ... spoken in: Rajasthan
सप्तपर्णी saptparni
~~~~~ SANSKRIT ~~~~~
written in: Devanagari (संस्कृतम्) ... used all over India by priests and scholars
अन्तिका antika, अयुगच्छद ayugacchada, अयुक्छद ayukchada, बहुच्छद bahucchada, बहुपर्ण bahuparna, बहुपुत्र bahuputra, बहुत्वच् bahutvach, ब्रह्मत्वच् brahmatvach, बृहत्त्वच् brhattvach, छत्त्रपर्ण chattraparna, दलेगन्धि dalegandhi, देववृक्ष devavrksha, गन्धपर्ण gandhaparna, ग्रहनाश grahanasha, गुच्छपुष्प gucchapushpa, गुत्सकपुष्प gutsakapushpa, मदगन्ध madagandha, मुनिच्छद municchada, सप्तच्छद saptacchada, सप्तपलाश saptapalasha, सप्तपर्ण saptaparna (or सप्तपर्णक saptaparnaka), सप्तपत्त्र saptapattra, शक्तिपर्ण shaktiparna, शाल्मलिपत्त्रक shalmalipattraka, शारद sharada, शारदभूरुह् sharadabhuruh, शिरोरुजा shiroruja, शुक्तिपर्ण shuktiparna, सुपर्णक suparnaka, विद्ध viddha, विनद vinada, विन्याक vinyaka, विशालत्वच् vishalatvach, विषमच्छद vishamacchada, विषमपलाश vishamapalasha, युग्मपर्ण yugmaparna
  • Learn Sanskrit - पठत संस्कृतम् - शब्दकोशः
~~~~~ SANTALI ~~~~~
written in: Ol Chiki (ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ), Bengali (সাঁওতালী), Odia (ସାନ୍ତାଳୀ), Devanagari (सान्ताली), Roman ... spoken in: Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha
ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱴᱱᱤ chatni
~~~~~ SYLHETI ~~~~~
written in: Sylheti Nagri (ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ), Bengali–Assamese (সিলেটি), Latin ... spoken in: Barak Valley of Assam, northern parts of Tripura, Meghalaya, Manipur, Nagaland ... read more about its status as language / dialect in Wikipedia ... other names for this language: Sylhetti, Sileti, Siloti
chhatni, khami, satni
  • U N Kanjilal, P C Kanjilal, A Das, R N De - Flora of Assam - Vol III
~~~~~ TAGIN ~~~~~
written in: Roman ... spoken in: Arunachal Pradesh ... other names for this language: West Dafla, Bangni ... spoken by: Tagin people or Ghasi Miri people
tai sen, tayesangne
~~~~~ TAMIL ~~~~~
written in: Tamil (தமிழ்) ... spoken in: Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, Andaman & Nicobar Islands
ஏழிலைப்பாலை el-ilai-p-paalai, இருள்பாலை irul-paalai
~~~~~ TELUGU ~~~~~
written in: Telugu ( తెలుగు) ... spoken in: Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Puducherry
దేవసూరిప్పి daevasurippi, ఏడాకుల పాల edaakula paala, ఏడాకుల పొన్న edaakula ponna, ఏడాకుల అరిటి edakula-ariti, ఎలారము elaaramu, కొండ గన్నేరు konda ganneru, పాల గరుడ paalagaruda
~~~~~ TIBETAN ~~~~~
written in: Tibetan ... spoken in: Tibet, Jammu, Kashmir & Ladakh, Karnataka, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Bhutan
ལོ་མ་བདུན། lo ma bdun
~~~~~ TULU ~~~~~
written in: Tigalari (Tulu) was used for writing Vedic texts in Sanskrit, Kannada (ತುಳು), Malayalam (തുളു) ... spoken in: Karnataka, north Kerala
ಪಾಲೆ paale
~~~~~ URDU ~~~~~
written in: Urdu (اردو) ... spoken in: Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Bihar, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka
دلےگندھی dale-gandhi, شاردي sharadi, ونياك vinyak
دیوبرکش deo-briksh
~~~~~ KNOWN DISTRIBUTION in INDIA ~~~~~
Grows naturally wild in sub-Himalayan tract, Bihar, West Bengal, peninsular India and the Andamans. Widely cultivated as an ornamental tree as well as an avenue tree in the urban regions.
~~~~~ Created on: 12:18 08-07-2026 ¦ Last updated: 19:51 11-07-2026 (DD-MM-YYYY) ~~~~~
Apocynaceae evergreen tree "Alstonia scholaris" "Echites scholaris" "bitter bark" "blackboard tree" "devil tree" "dita bark" milkwood "white cheesewood"
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